The general properties of acids are considered and the process of salt formation by reaction of an acid with a base developed. Wherever possible, this is put in an everyday context with which the students may be familiar.

  The idea that energy changes may be involved when chemicals react is introduced.

• What makes Acids Acidic      -Acids contain Hydrogen Ions (H+)      -Therefore, they are Hydrogen Donors (give away Hydrogen in reactions)
• What makes Alkalis Alkaline?      -Alkalis contain Hydroxide Ions (OH-)      -Therefore, they are Hydroxide Donors (give away Hydroxide in reactions)

• To see whether it is an acid or an alkali, use litmus paper or the universal indicator.
  • acidic solution - pH less than 7 - litmus paper will turn red
  • alkali solution - pH greater than 7 - litmus paper turns blue
  • neutral pH is 7
• Different types of acids

                -sulphuric acid ( H2SO4 (aq))                 -nitric acid (HNO3 (aq))                 -hydrochloric acid (HCl (aq))                 -ethanoic acid (CH3COOH (aq))                 -carbonic acid (H2CO3 (aq))

• Bases
  • The oxides and hydroxides of metals are not soluable in water but can neutralize acids to make salt so they are bases.
  • alkalis are soluable bases
  • a base is anything that can neutralize acids which includes alkalis, ammonia solution, insoluable metal oxides and hydroxide.
• FOUR types of acid reactions (Neutralization Reactions)
  • acid+metal hydroxide → metal salt+water
  • acid+metal carbonate → metal salt+water+carbon dioxide
  • acid+metal oxide → metal salt+water
  • acid+metal → metal salt+hydrogen

• Examples of Reactions (Neutralization Reactions)

                -Hydrochloric Acid + Calcium → Calcium Chloride + Hydrogen                      2HCl (aq) + Ca  →  CaCl2 + H2                 -Sulphuric Acid + Iron (II) Oxide → Iron Sulphate + Hydrogen                      H2SO4 (aq) + FeO → FeSO4 + H2O                 -Nitric Acid + Copper (I) Carbonate → Copper Nitrate + Carbon Dioxide + water                      2HNO3 + Cu2CO3 → 2CuNO3 + CO2 + H2O                  -Sodium Hydroxide + Sulphuric Acid → Sodium Sulphate + Hydrogen                     2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4+ 2H2O -During a Neutralization Reaction, the H+ ions of the acid are turned into water. -Neutralization Reactions are exothermic. Exothermic is a chemical reaction that gives energy out to the surroundings,and when acids react with alkalis the temperature of the solution increases.  -Indicators are used to show complete neutralization.   Acids, Alkalis in Everyday Life

• How Neutralization is used in everyday life... -Insect Stings ... bees stings are acidic, so use baking soda (sodium hydrocarbonate) or calamine lotion to neutralize the acidity. -Indigestion ... is excess of stomach acid (stomach contains hydrochloric acid to digest food.) Netutralize the excess acid by drinking baking soda or taking indigestion tablets (antacid tablets). -Soil Treatment ... Chemical should be added to soils to adjust its pH (pH 7 is the best) When it is too acidic, it is treated with Quick Lime, Slaked Lime, and Lime Stone.

  Weak and strong acids and alkalis 

• strong acids include
  • hydrochloric acid
  • sulphuric acid
  • nitric acid
• weak acids include
  • ethanoic acid
  • citric acid
  • carbonic acid
• strong alkalis include
  • sodium hydroxide
  • potassium hydroxide
  • calcium hydroxide
• weak alkali
  • Ammonia
• Acids and alkalis can be weaker than others. The strength of each is shown by the pH scale thats between 0-14
• strong acids are too corrosive, which means that eats away metal, skin, and cloth. Because strong acids are corrosive, they need to be dilute with water. This lowers the concetration of acid therefore the Ph is lowered as well.

Test for carbonate:

Any carbonate will produce carbon dioxide gas when you add a dilute acid. You can see that carbon dioxide is produced because there is effervescence. For example, adding hydrochloric acid to sodium carbonate solution will produce sodium chloride, carbon dioxide and water.

An antacid is any substance, generally a base or a basic salt, counteracts stomach acidity. In other words, antacid are stomach acid neutralizer.